Today's NYT includes an article by Patricia Cohen titled: "On Campus, the 60s Begin to Fade as Liberal Professors Retire." Go read - it's fascinating (or, well, read on, because it turns out that I've excerpted huge chunks below). The title sums up the main point, but basically, Cohen argues for a significant shift in campus culture as Baby Boomers retire and are replaced by 30-something* faculty - faculty who weren't yet born when the Baby Boomers were protesting and rioting on their own college campuses. Having been on at least one campus undergoing that shift, I think she gets a lot of things absolutely right. Some points that stuck out for me:
“There’s definitely something happening,” said Peter W. Wood,
executive director of the National Association of Scholars, which was
created in 1987 to counter attacks on Western culture and values. “I
hear from quite a few faculty members and graduate students from around
the country. They are not really interested in fighting the battles
that have been fought over the last 20 years.”
ABSOLUTELY. Though I'd say it's more like the last 30 years.
A new study of the social and political views of American professors
by Neil Gross at the University of British Columbia and Solon Simmons
at George Mason University found that the notion of a generational
divide is more than a glancing impression. “Self-described liberals are
most common within the ranks of those professors aged 50-64, who were
teenagers or young adults in the 1960s,” they wrote, making up just
under 50 percent. At the same time, the youngest group, ages 26 to 35,
contains the highest percentage of moderates, some 60 percent, and the
lowest percentage of liberals, just under a third.
When it
comes to those who consider themselves “liberal activists,” 17.2
percent of the 50-64 age group take up the banner compared with only
1.3 percent of professors 35 and younger.
This actually raises one of my criticisms of the article - I'd be curious to know how such a study - and Cohen more generally - defined "liberal," because I don't think most of the faculty of my generation are actually any less liberal than Boomer faculty. I think the significant divide is really in the second set of statistics, the role of "activism." My sense is that for a lot of Boomer faculty, being an activist and being a professor are part of the same cloth, whereas this is much less the case for junior faculty. Which Cohen also acknowledges:
The authors are not talking about a political realignment. Democrats
continue to overwhelmingly outnumber Republicans among faculty, young
and old. But as educators have noted, the generation coming up appears
less interested in ideological confrontations, summoning Barack Obama’s
statement about the elections of 2000 and 2004: “I sometimes felt as if
I were watching the psychodrama of the Baby Boom generation — a tale
rooted in old grudges and revenge plots hatched on a handful of college
campuses long ago — played out on the national stage.”
(I did not know Barack Obama said that, but despite supporting that Baby Boomer Hillary, I heart him for saying it.)
It also struck me that the "decline" of liberals falls along disciplinary lines, which Cohen notes as well:
Changes in institutions of higher education themselves are reinforcing
the generational shuffle. Health sciences, computer science,
engineering and business — fields that have tended to attract a
somewhat greater proportion of moderates and conservatives — have grown
in importance and size compared with the more liberal social sciences
and humanities, where many of the bitterest fights over curriculum and
theory occurred.
And the next important bits:
At the same time, shrinking public resources overall and fewer
tenure-track jobs in the humanities have pushed younger professors in
those fields to concentrate more single-mindedly on their careers....And
with more women in the ranks (nearly 40 percent of the total in 2005
compared with 17.3 percent in 1969), different sorts of issues like
family-friendly benefits have been brought to the table.
YES. I would say that fewer people in American society overall are as "activist" as the Baby Boomers were (not going to try to tackle reasons why since that's a huge sticky mess), so it makes sense that faculty from later generations are not as activist. I don't know whether academia has become disproportionately less attractive to academics or not, but once one has made the choice to enter academia, I don't think the pressures of the profession today make combining professoring and activism as manageable as was the case in the 60s and 70s.
Cohen goes on to look at the careers/life experiences of two U of Wisconsin faculty, one (Olneck) aged 62 and about to retire, and one (Goldrick-Rab) aged 31 who is seeking tenure.
Like many sociologists and education researchers, Mr. Olneck said that
today both the kinds of analyses and the theories that prevailed when
he was in college have changed. Overarching narratives, societal
critiques and clarion calls for change — of the capitalist system or
the social structure — have gone out of style. Today, with advances in
statistical methods, many sociologists have moved to model themselves
on clinical researchers with large, randomized experiments as their
gold standard. In their eyes, this more scientific approach is less
explicitly ideological than other kinds of research.
Goldrick-Rab falls into the latter school.
“Senior people evaluate us for tenure and the standards they use
and what we think is important are different,” she said. They want to
question values and norms; “we are more driven by data.”
As for professional concerns, hers are closer to home:
When Ms. Goldrick-Rab speaks of added pressures on her generation, she talks about being pregnant or taking care of her 17-month-old while trying to earn tenure. The lack of paid leave for mothers is high on her list of complaints about university life.
You all know I'm not a parent, but that sounds spot-on to me, based on academic friends and colleagues of my generation. She's certainly not alone:
At a conference titled “Generational Shockwaves,” sponsored in November by the TIAA-CREF Institute, Joan Girgus, a special assistant to the dean of faculty at Princeton, underscored how these sorts of concerns were increasingly on the minds of younger faculty members. Universities need to focus more on the “life” side of the work-life balance “because faculties historically were almost entirely male and the wives took care of the family side,” Ms. Girgus said. “I don’t think we can do that anymore.”
EXACTLY. I'm not knocking the Boomer generation of faculty who were so activist in so many ways and so traditional in others, but I will point out that the vast majority of Boomer faculty I've known are married men, whose wives often didn't work outside of the home or were underemployed for their level of education. That's not meant as a criticism of them, but just an acknowledgment that if faculty private lives have changed significantly, it's not surprising that junior faculty attitudes to the profession are different from those of their Boomer colleagues.
The next bit I found absolutely fascinating:
Ask Ms. Goldrick-Rab if she believes there is a gap between her generation and the boomers, and she immediately answers yes.
Mr. Olneck and Mr. Wright are more cautious. “Some of my closest colleagues are 25 years younger than I am and I feel absolutely no barrier of sensibility,” Mr. Wright said.
Um, yeah. Do you think the fact that Boomer faculty are evaluating the 30-something faculty might have something to do with that? I don't mean to accuse Boomers of being obtuse or complacent, but in the relationship between tenured Boomers and untenured 30-somethings, the balance of power isn't equal. Goldrick-Rab pointed it out earlier: senior faculty evaluate junior faculty. I'm not suggesting that senior faculty consciously set out to make junior faculty conform to their standards, nor that senior faculty aren't capable of recognizing a junior faculty member's own goals and standards for their work and evaluating that work accordingly. Of course Boomers and 30-somethings can genuinely be close friends. But I'd also argue that the Boomers have the luxury of overlooking the gap in a way that junior faculty can't.
That said, Wright has an important point:
For him, the institutional shifts outweigh any others: “I don’t think the big things have anything to do with generational change, but with financial pressures on education,” he said.
He's absolutely correct that when Boomer faculty entered academia, its economic situations/structures were very different than they are today. Boomer faculty have seen the erosion of tenure-track lines in favor of adjunct positions, for instance; 30-something faculty have always lived with this. My sense of the state institutions in which I've worked is that there was a time (early 80s-ish?) when they were flush with money, and those days have fallen away. (Conversely, some of the private institutions I've worked in struggled through those years and have only now managed to build up a significant financial cushion, often through making connections with non-academic institutions and individuals, and/or the growth of their technology/business side.) That said, I don't think that you can separate the generational gap from those changing economic pressures on education, as each generation is shaped by the economy they experience.
So, while I do wonder how exactly Cohen defines "liberal," I nonetheless think that she does a decent job of highlighting many of the differences between these two academic generations. What I also think is fascinating is that the article makes no mention of associate professors, that generation between the Boomers and the 30-somethings (who might not all be associates, of course, but it's the simplest label). When quoting the study of faculty political affiliations mentioned above, Cohen ignores the 35-50-year-olds between the new faculty and the old. I suppose this isn't all that surprising because in my experience, there seem to be far fewer of them - that academic lost generation of the lucky few who got jobs in the 80s and early 90s when, filled with academics from the late 60s and early 70s, few universities were hiring. On the one hand, this middle generation probably presents less of a stark contrast to either the Boomers or the 30-somethings, and thus makes for a much less interesting article. On the other hand, I'd argue that if my experience is at all typical - if it is the case that there are many fewer 35-50-year-old profs than <35- or >50-year-olds - then the generation gap between the Boomers and the 30-somethings really is the one that most affects todays campuses.
Anyway. What do you think? Does the generation gap that Cohen describes make sense to you, or has your experience been different?
*I'm ducking the whole Gen-X/Y/Millenial brouhaha by labeling this generation "30-something," even though yes, there are 20-somethings on the tenure-track, though probably not many true Millenials out there yet. I have no problem with the Gen-X label myself, but such labels carry baggage. Of course, so too does "Baby Boomer," but that label's been around much longer, so I'm going to use it regardless.